Each year more than a million operations are complicated by heart attacks and death from cardiac causes. As most surgery is elective these days then it pays to be cautious.  There are a number of risk factors that should be taken into account:

• Unstable angina,
• previous heart attack,
• heart failure
• significant heart blockage
• heart disease with arrhythmia
• severe valvular heart disease
• multiple intermediate risk markers such as heart attack and diabetes.

Other risk factors include:

• high blood pressure
• diabetes and kidney disorders
• poor health and lack of exercise
• longer stay in hospital.

No related information.